The urea treatment of paddy straw involved adding 4 kg of urea in 50 l water to 100 kg air dry paddy straw. The urea treatment of straw is dependent on the urease activity in plants that release ammonia from urea williams et al. Thirtysix yearling male lambs were randomly allotted, in randomized complete design, to six dietary treatments. Demonstration of urea treatment was carried out in 25 villages around karnal and the farmers were asked to feed the treated straw in place of untreated straw. Effects of rice straw supplemented with urea and molasses on. Similar changes were observed in cp and ndf of wheat straw following urea treatment 6.
Ureatreated straw with limited supplementation for sustained. Plan for 0, 3 and 6% levels of urea with urease enzyme treatment of wheat straw, at 10 and 45% moisture contents, for 14 and 28 days plan for iji sacco dry matter dm degradability. For chopped wheat straw, some hand mixing after the spray of urea solution is desirable. For this purpose, the small rectangular baler model 349 mechanical urea treatment systems. The cp intake was also highest p jan 26, 20 urea treatment of wheat straw 1. The performance of dairy cows offered ensiled wholecrop wheat, ureatreated wholecrop wheat or sodium hydroxidetreated wheat grain and wheat straw in a mixture with grass silage.
Four rumenfistulated dairy steers were randomly assigned according to a 2 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 4 latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. The objective of straw treatment is to increase the digestibility of straw andor the amount of it voluntarily consumed so that digestible energy intake by animals from straw is increased. Effect of wheat straw urea treatment and leucaena leucocephala. Report by asian australasian journal of animal sciences. Feeding of urea treated wheat straw in saanen goat male kids. Simplification of urea treatment method of wheat straw for its better adoption by the farmers. Pdf feeding value of urea treated wheat straw ensiled with. Pdf simplification of urea treatment method of wheat. Pdf simplification of urea treatment method of wheat straw for its. Poor nutrition is the biggest constraint in animal production especially cattle, considering its importance in the overall agriculturallivestock. Influence of urea molasses treated wheat straw fermented.
Effects of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on. Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and. Duration of treatment since the temperature of the heap affects the rate of hydrolysis of urea to. Simplification of urea treatment method of wheat straw for. Then the wheat straw was put into two different cemented pits. Each treatment consisted 16 kids during the 16weeks to compare performance with diets based. This study was designed to determine the effect of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw on rumen fermentation, microbial protein synthesis and nutrient digestibility.
After chopping, the straw is moistened with a urea solution 2. Table i gives an indication of typical responses in nitrogen. There has been a noticeable increase in the number of growers utilizing 28% as the nitrogen source for the wheat crop. The relevant volume of urea solution was then sprayed onto the chaffed straw and then covered with a plastic sheet for a minimum of 14 days before feeding directly to animals prasad et al. Despite the limiting features straw has immense potential and can be used as energy feed if its feeding value is improved through chemical or biological procedures. P b odonovan, f m soomro, j p wagenaar, shafiqurrehman and farhat abbas bukhari. It may be important to know that particularly in the northern wheat belt the straw comes in chopped form, in other areas, e. Sorghum straw, lablab purpureus, hay, urea, digestibility, growth, lambs. Normally, the dairy farmers around karnal grow sufficient green fodder and are not keen to use the urea treated straw. Wheat straw, feeding value, pleurotus florida, urea treatment. Feeding value of urea treated wheat straw ensiled with or without acidified molasses in niliravi buffaloes article pdf available in asian australasian journal of animal sciences 195 may. After the urea was dissolved in the water, the solution was uniformly sprayed on the wheat straw. Methods of treating straw may be classified broadly into physical, chemical and biological categories. Influence of urea molasses treated wheat straw fermented with.
The article proved the effects of urea treatment on the structure and properties of wheat straw, using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ftir, scanning electron microscopy sem, contact angle analyze caa and thermal gravimetric analysis tga other methods. Pdf feeding value of urea treated wheat straw ensiled. The fws is the wheat straw treated with urea 4% and. Wheat straw treated with varying levels of urea 0 %, 2% and 4 % and molasses 2% and 4% was ensiled with 30% cattle manure on dry matter basis for different fermentation periods 20, 30 and 40 days. Replacing concentrate with wheat straw treated with urea molasses and ensiled with manure. Wheat straw as animal feed poor quality dry roughage given to the cattle ruminants as fillers because straw hardly has any. It can be said that n intake as well as n digestibility were improved in sheep fed rsumdiet than rice straw only. Research from north dakota state university indicates that, under dry conditions, urea can reduce wheat stands more than 50 percent table 5. Since this requires little in the way of specialized equipment or expense, urea treatment can by applied by even subsistence farmers. This was for urea applied with a grain drill in a 6inch spacing, at the rate of more than 20 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Evaluation of the nutritive value of ureatreated and cotton.
Effect of urea treated paddy straw supplementation on the. Effects of pleurotus florida inoculation or urea treatment on. This is driven by both a continued frustration over achieving uniform spread patterns with urea, and an increased capability of growers to utilize their own. Effects of urea treatment on the structure and properties. The performance of dairy cows offered ensiled wholecrop wheat, urea treated wholecrop wheat or sodium hydroxidetreated wheat grain and wheat straw in a mixture with grass silage volume 61 issue 3 j. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2. Effects of pleurotus florida inoculation or urea treatment. Livestock and dairy development department, government of balochistan, pakistan project pak88050 abstract. The objective of straw treatment is to increase the digestibility of straw andor the amount of it voluntarily consumed so that digestible energy intake by. Efficacy of treating straw with urea for improving its nutritive value is. Influence of urea treatment and soybean meal urease. Wheat straw as animal feed poor quality dry roughage given to the cattle ruminants as fillers because straw hardly has any feeding value highly deficient in minerals, vitamins, proteins dcp0. In diets fws 0, fws 15, fws 25 and fws 35, concentrate was replaced with 0%, 15%, 25% and 35% fermented wheat straw fws, respectively.
The urea treatment of straw is dependent on the urease activity in plants that release ammonia from urea williams. Table i gives an indication of typical responses in nitrogen enrichment, digestibility and intake after urea treatment, for the major residues available in africa. After the urea was dissolved in the water, the solution was. Similar results were obtained in our previous study alam et al. Nutritive value of urea treated wheat straw ensiled with or. Treatment of wheat straw the urea treatment method used in performance trial was to add 5 kg urea and 50 kg water per 100 kg airdry wheat straw. Simplification of urea treatment method of wheat straw for its better adoption by the farmers article pdf available in south african journal of animal science 395. Evaluation of the nutritive value of ureatreated and. Agricultural industry biological sciences bulls food and nutrition bulls cattle cattle feed physiological aspects digestion. Three ways of urea treatment treating small quantities within walled enclosures treatment of large amounts of forage in stacks or heaps the use of urine convential method of urea treatment weigh the urea about 4% of straw. Effects of urea treatment on the structure and properties of. Thirty early lactating niliravi buffaloes, six animals in each group, were used in a completely randomized design to examine the feeding value of 4% urea treated wheat straw utws ensiled with 6. Ureatreated straw with limited supplementation for.
Pdf limited use of cereal straws in livestock feeding is due to their low voluntary intake, low protein contents and low digestibility. Feeding value of enset ensete ventricosum, desmodium. Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium. Pdf effect of prefeeding treatment with high level of urea. Pdf mechanized urea treatment of wheat straw part ii. A study was undertaken to probe and analyse the factors that contributed to the successful adoption of urea treatment of straw technology by the dairy farmers. Comparative animal re sponses to urea treatment visavis ureamolasses supplementation are shown. Each treatment consisted 16 kids during the 16weeks to compare performance with diets based n o wheat straw ws supplemented with 12% crude protein cp levels of crushed barley wheat concentrate 50. Plan for 0, 3 and 6% levels of urea with urease enzyme treatment of wheat straw, at 10 and 45% moisture contents, for 14 and 28 days plan for iji sacco dry matter dm degradability determination of 0, 3 and 6% levels of urea with urease enzyme treated wheat straw, at 10 and 45% moisture. Replacing concentrate with wheat straw treated with urea. Each of these treatments was individually fed ad libitum to 4 lambs, together with 300 g of barley grainheadday.
Effects of maize and citruspulp supplementation of urea. Urea and lime treatment of wheat straw increased p of dm, om, cp and ndf as compared to the untreated straw. Huque animal production research division, bangladesh livestock research. Nitrogen retention and chemical composition of urea. If the spraying of the urea solution could be mechanised, the adoption of this technology would increase. It is essential to facilitate or eliminate some of these operations by using machine. Pdf simplification of urea treatment method of wheat straw. Onfarm treatment of straws and stovers with urea osti.
Materialsand methods preparation of dietsthe basal straw used was wheat straw that had been baled in january 1987 following harvest in early december at wongan hills research station. To improve the nutritive value of fibrous crop residues, urea treatment of straw was developed as an alternative to causticcorrosive sodium hydroxide treatment, for use mostly in tropical countries. The conventional urea treatment of cereal straw process is a laborious, tedious and time task. Modification of small rectangular baler and evaluation of treated straw. Poor nutrition is the biggest constraint in animal production especially. Ureatreatment increased cp content of the teff straw more than double from 3. Simplification of urea treatment method of wheat straw for its better. Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of urea treated wheat straw and concentrate supplementation on milk yield and milk composition of local cows and to evaluate the economic feasibility of urea treated wheat straw and concentrate supplementation.
Farmer adoption of urea treatment of cereal straws for. The article proved the effects of urea treatment on the structure and properties of wheat straw, using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ftir, scanning electron microscopy sem. To evaluate the effects of replacing concentrate with urea molasses treated fermented wheat straw fws ensiled with cattle manure cm on. Urea treatment has been found effective with all the major sources of crop residue barley, rice and wheat straws. Hence, to coincide with the conventional method, safety and for economic reason, 4% of urea was also fixed in new method. The efficiency of the new method, however, is about 30% less than the conventional urea treatment method. There are different methods to improve the quality of straw but most common method is urea treatment. The fws is the wheat straw treated with urea 4% and molasses 4% ensiled with cm 30% on dm basis for 40 days in a cement pit. Urea treatment increased cp content of the teff straw more than double from 3. Urea toxicity can take place due to higher intakes within a shorter periodthus, limitfeeding, provide adequate soluble carbohydrates eg. Nutritive value of urea treated wheat straw ensiled with.
The wheat straw was treated with 4, 6 and 8% urea and ensiled with 1. However, there has been a significant increase in farmer adoption of urea treatment of wheat and paddy straws in the milkshed of mithila cooperative milk union in bihar state of india. Effects of physical form and urea treatment of rice straw. Onfarm evaluation of the effect of concentrate and urea. Nutritional value of these roughages can be improved through chemical or physical methods. Two experiments with lambs given food indoors and individually penned were designed to study the effects of different levels of ground maize and citrus pulp as supplements of a diet based on. Two experiments with lambs given food indoors and individually penned were designed to study the effects of different levels of ground maize and citrus pulp as supplements of a diet based on urea treated straw 5 kg urea per 100 kg straw offered ad libitum over a period of 16 weeks experiment 1 or 10 weeks experiment 2.
Effect of urea treatment on digestibility and utilization of sorghum straw. Effect of prefeeding treatment with high level of urea on the nutritive value of wheat straw. Nitrogen retention and chemical composition of urea treated. The efficiency of the new method, however, is about 30% less than the conventional.
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